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(詳細はrepublicanism endorsed by his party, the Democratic-Republicans. In domestic affairs Jefferson sought to eliminate Federalist influences, especially in the judiciary. He proudly succeeded in limiting the size of government by reducing taxes and the national debt. He established a military academy to produce more soldiers. He used the Navy to protect merchant ships from Barbary pirates in North Africa, but also reduced their fighting capability. He planned to protect ports by the use of small gunboats that proved useless when war came in 1812. In foreign affairs, the major developments were the acquisition of the gigantic Louisiana Purchase from France in 1803, an embargo against trade with both Great Britain and France, and worsening relations with Britain as the United States tried to remain neutral in the midst of the Napoleonic Wars that engulfed Europe. The war's effects reached throughout the Atlantic. While remaining "neutral," from early 1802 Jefferson allowed contraband goods and arms to reach Saint-Domingue during its slave rebellion and refused financial credit to France, aiding the slave and mulatto resistance that achieved independence in 1804. After that, however, with France removed and Congressional resistance high, he refused to recognize Haiti, and embargoed trade with it, causing severe difficulties for the second republic to rise in the Western Hemisphere. He also called for the Lewis and Clark expedition. Jefferson's second term focused on the trial of Aaron Burr for treason; he was acquitted. Of growing seriousness was a trade war with Britain, with Britain humiliating the American Navy and impressing sailors from American ships into the Royal Navy. Jefferson rejected war and instead used economic threats and embargoes that hurt the U.S. more than Britain. With unrest in the Northeast escalating, the embargo was dropped as Jefferson left office. A major achievement was legislation to criminalize the international import or export of slaves starting in 1808. Jefferson is usually ranked by historians in the top five of all U.S. Presidents. ==Jeffersonian democracy== (詳細はEmpire of Liberty: a history of the early republic, 1789-1815. ) 2011. ISBN 978-0-199-83246-0 p.160,〕 By the 1790s and the emergence of the First Party System, voter participation was up to 20 percent. With two party competition, turnout "took on an importance it had never quite had before”, with turnout up to 80 percent of the enlarged white male electorate.〔Wood, Gordon S., 2011, p.302.〕 Under pressure from Jeffersonian Republicans, states achieved universal white manhood suffrage by eliminating property requirements. By 1825 only three had not, Rhode Island, Virginia and Louisiana. Expanding suffrage and appeals to ordinary people meant that increasingly ordinary people became government officials, especially in the North.〔Wood, 2011, p.330.〕 At the same time, states such as New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland and Kentucky for the first time placed racial restrictions on voting, and New Jersey in 1807 closed a loophole that allowed some widows to vote. Wood says, "by the standards of the early nineteenth century America possessed the most popular electoral politics in the world."〔Wood, 2011, p. 302.〕 In reaction, even Federalists began to adopt partisan techniques such as party organization, newspapers and auxiliary societies. They created networks of caucuses and committees state by state reaching to county level, determined to mobilize public opinion to court popular favor. American politics was forever transformed.〔Wood, Gordon S., 2011, p. 305-6.〕 Historians have long portrayed the contest between Jefferson and Hamilton as iconic for the politics, political philosophy, economic policies and future direction of the United States. For example in the 1920s Claude Bowers, a historian and Democrat, wrote a best-seller that pitted good versus evil in ''Jefferson and Hamilton: The Struggle for Democracy in America'' (1925). The Jeffersonian position—called Jeffersonian democracy—won out in 1800 and Hamilton's Federalism died out (except on the Supreme Court of John Marshall). The historian Sean Wilentz in 2010 identified a scholarly trend in Hamilton's favor: :"In recent years, Hamilton and his reputation have decidedly gained the initiative among scholars who portray him as the visionary architect of the modern liberal capitalist economy and of a dynamic federal government headed by an energetic executive. Jefferson and his allies, by contrast, have come across as naïve, dreamy idealists. At best according to many historians, the Jeffersonians were reactionary utopians who resisted the onrush of capitalist modernity in hopes of turning America into a yeoman farmers' arcadia. At worst, they were proslavery racists who wish to rid the West of Indians, expand the empire of slavery, and keep political power in local hands -- all the better to expand the institution of slavery and protect slaveholders' rights to own human property."〔Sean Wilentz, "Book Reviews," ''Journal of American History'' Sept. 2010 v. 97# 2 p 476.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Presidency of Thomas Jefferson」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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